Rigid transform
\[\mathbf{p}_{\mathrm{world}}=TRS\,\mathbf{p}_{\mathrm{local}}\]
Every component is positioned by translation T, rotation R, and scale S. This gives a reproducible mathematical scene graph instead of freehand drawing.
Hardware library
Rovers, robots, landers, and mining machines.
Separate field guides for Mars robots, exploration vehicles, space-mining equipment, and Moon landers, with real imagery and engineering review notes.
Drag to rotate. Wheel to zoom. Right-drag to pan.
Hardware Pages
Choose a technical family
Mars robots
Sojourner, Spirit/Opportunity, Curiosity, Perseverance/Ingenuity, Zhurong, and surface robotics architecture.
Exploration vehicles
Apollo LRV, Lunokhod, Yutu, Pragyan, commercial rover prototypes, and mobility design patterns.
Space mining equipment
Bucket wheels, scoops, drills, volatile extraction, beneficiation, hauling, and processing systems.
Moon landers
Luna, Surveyor, Chang'e, Chandrayaan, SLIM, Blue Ghost, and lander subsystem architecture.
Mathematical model
Engineering geometry model
Engineering models are procedural, dimensionally organized teaching models. They use geometric primitives, known subsystem layout, symmetry, and transformation matrices; they are not generated from a visual image and are not exact manufacturing CAD.
Symmetry and repetition
\[\mathbf{p}_k=R_z\!\left(\frac{2\pi k}{N}\right)\mathbf{p}_0\]
Repeated structures such as solar panels, trusses, engines, wheels, and array segments are generated by rotational or translational symmetry.
Scale verification
\[\mathrm{ratio}_{\mathrm{scene}}=\frac{\mathrm{dimension}_a}{\mathrm{dimension}_b}\]
Where the page presents relative component sizes, the scene preserves those ratios or states when readability scaling is applied.
Verification standard: the rendered object must be reproducible from stated equations, catalog parameters, or explicit geometric transforms. Visual reference images may inform presentation only; they are not the source of orbital positions, field vectors, accretion-disk gradients, timing, or engineering layout.
Limitations: browser scenes may use bounded scale, compressed distances, simplified two-body dynamics, schematic transfer curves, or educational approximations where full numerical ephemerides, CFD, finite-element models, or general-relativistic ray tracing are outside the page scope. Those simplifications are part of the model contract, not hidden image-based construction.