Rotation phase
\[\theta(t)=\theta_0+\frac{2\pi t}{P_{\mathrm{rot}}}\]
The displayed spin angle advances from the body's rotation period P_rot. Retrograde rotation is represented by the sign of P_rot.
Terrestrial planet
Mars
Mars preserves river valleys, lake deposits, volcanic provinces, polar caps, and a thin CO2 atmosphere.
Mars: loading local 3D asset.
Physics Snapshot
What Scientists Watch
Classification: Inner terrestrial planet. Mercury through Mars are inner rocky worlds; Jupiter through Neptune are outer giants.
- Ancient habitability is studied through clay, carbonate, sulfate, and delta deposits.
- Dust, thin air, and low gravity make landing and surface operations unusually hard.
- Perseverance caches selected samples while Curiosity studies Gale crater's layered history.
Exploration note: Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, MAVEN, InSight, Perseverance, Ingenuity, Tianwen-1/Zhurong, Hope, and Mars Express.
Atmosphere and oceans
Gases, temperature, and liquids
Interpretation note
How to read these values
Rocky worlds list surface conditions directly. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune do not have hard surfaces, so temperature and pressure are referenced to atmospheric levels such as the 1-bar cloud region.
Ocean status separates the planet itself from its moons. Several outer-planet moons are major ocean-world targets even when the parent planet has no surface ocean.
3D asset view
Rotatable planet model
Mars: loading local 3D asset.
This viewer loads the local asset-backed model for Mars and applies the sidereal axis tilt and relative rotation direction for study. Drag to rotate, wheel to zoom, and open full screen for close inspection.
Elevation and relief
Topography map notes
- Elevation maps are dominated by the Tharsis rise, Olympus Mons, Valles Marineris, Hellas Planitia, and the low northern plains.
- The crust preserves cratered highlands in the south and smoother younger volcanic and sedimentary provinces in the north.
- Landing-site geomorphology at Gale, Jezero, and Elysium links basin history, volcanism, sediment transport, and climate shifts.
Interior and field
Core, mantle, and magnetism
Orbital characteristics
Detailed orbit solution
Physical characteristics
Bulk properties and rotation
Atmosphere profile
Pressure, composition, and temperature
Field review
Magnetic field, core behavior, and crater context
- Mars no longer has a strong global dynamo field, but orbiters map intense remanent crustal magnetization in ancient terrains.
- Its weak present-day magnetosphere allows substantial solar-wind interaction with the upper atmosphere and ongoing escape processes.
Hellas PlanitiaJezeroGaleIsidis
Moon catalog
Moons Available
Confirmed count: 2
Phobos, Deimos.
Data note: rotation values are sidereal periods. For solar orbits this guide uses perihelion and aphelion; those are the Sun-orbit equivalents of closest and farthest orbital distance. Gravity is surface or equatorial gravity for rocky planets and a reference-level value for giant planets, so rounded fact sheets may differ slightly. Moon counts can change when new satellites are confirmed.
Data basis
How these values are normalized
Orbital elements are presented in a J2000-style reference format. Rotation values use sidereal periods unless a solar day is explicitly named. For giant planets, pressure, temperature, and gravity are reference-level values because there is no solid surface to stand on.
Audit note
How to read discrepancies
Compact summary boxes, environment notes, and detailed fact tables are now aligned to the same field guide data blocks. This consistency pass was updated on May 5, 2026. Small differences can still appear when a quantity is rounded for readability, when a rocky-planet surface value is contrasted with a giant-planet reference level, or when moon counts change after new confirmations.
Mathematical model
Planet rotation and scale model
Planet meshes are procedural study models: radius, axial tilt, and rotation come from catalog fields, while surface textures are visual aids. The mathematical model does not infer planet shape from a picture.
Axial tilt
\[\mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{tilted}}=R_z(\varepsilon)\,\mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{body}}\]
The spin axis is tilted by an explicit obliquity epsilon. The proof is a rigid-body rotation matrix, not an artist-drawn axis.
Scale contract
\[R_{\mathrm{scene}}=k\,R_{\mathrm{catalog}}\]
Scene radius is a scalar multiple of catalog radius unless the user chooses a readability mode. The page states when visual radius is bounded so the model is not mistaken for exact visual scale.
Verification standard: the rendered object must be reproducible from stated equations, catalog parameters, or explicit geometric transforms. Visual reference images may inform presentation only; they are not the source of orbital positions, field vectors, accretion-disk gradients, timing, or engineering layout.
Limitations: browser scenes may use bounded scale, compressed distances, simplified two-body dynamics, schematic transfer curves, or educational approximations where full numerical ephemerides, CFD, finite-element models, or general-relativistic ray tracing are outside the page scope. Those simplifications are part of the model contract, not hidden image-based construction.